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I. BACKGROUND
The marine and coastal environment of the BVI is of strategic
importance and constitutes a valuable development resource. Coastal
features are varied and diverse. The BVI possess unique features that have
aided the development of its tourism industry. It is an accepted fact that
the BVI tourism product is heavily dependent on the natural environment.
There is a natural beauty of the land and marine area that affords
enchanting sailing opportunity for yacht tourism.
The coastal zone consists of varied features and habitats that are
inevitable linked to each other in a network of systems. These are:
- Sandy beaches
- Mangroves
- Coral reefs
- Seagrass beds
The marine ecosystems and its saline ponds and lagoons interact with
each other in various ways. These include:
- Physical interactions by reduction in wave energy,
- Exchange of nutrients and organic matter
- Animal migrations.
As an illustration, dissolved nutrients flowing from mangroves can enhance
the primary productivity of seagrass beds, which in turn enhance the
secondary productivity of coral reefs by providing alternative feeding
sites. The existence and health of each component is most important to the
ecosystem, which becomes stressed when one of the components becomes
impacted. Destruction of mangroves allows land-based sediments to flow
onto seagrass beds and coral reefs, which require sunlight and clear water
to grow.
In addition coastal lagoons and ponds serve as sinks and settling tanks
for land run off. When reclaimed, silt and other pollutants are washed
directly into the sea. In cane garden bay, reclamation of almost all the
ponds has contributed to reduction in marine water quality from land based
pollutants. It has been determined that more impacts flow from land to sea
with resulting impacts on fisheries and marine life.
Because of the recent trend in development in the BVI, which is mostly
along the coastal low lying areas, competition is increasing over the
allocation and use of resources. Such conflicts include
- access to the coastline for such activities as marinas, jetties and
docks, which require locations on the sea land interface.
- Incompatible uses which cannot exist in conjunction with each other
such as recreation activities and fisheries sites in marine areas.
- Private ownership of land which prevents public access to and use of
resources such as beaches, fishing grounds.
- Long term goals for conservation which inhibit immediate economic
interests such as the preservation of wet lands against their
reclamation for land development or dredging for marina construction.
- Provision of environmentally protective infrastructure in accordance
with the installation / expansion of sewage collection and treatment
facilities in keeping with hotel construction.
Hence the understanding that one of the fundamental features of the
coastal environment is that the resources and activities along it, have
inter-linked on shore and off shore components. The sustainable use of
these resources are seriously affected by man- made or natural events or
processes.
Integrated coastal area management is recognized as a necessary framework
within which to promote, plan, coordinate and rationalize the sustainable
development of natural resources, particularly in small island states such
as the BVI where sectoral management programmes has failed to deal
effectively with the depletion of coastal resources. The rationale for
integrated development plan for the BVI must be seen against the
background of the current progress in social and economic sectors,
particularly tourism. Also within the context of a fragile environment and
a limited resource base, with the economy expanding and with the impact of
complex population growth factors, the improvement of education and health
standards, the need to sustain the natural beauty and serenity of the
Territory, and to utilize its natural resources in a sustainable manner is
a priority issue. The aim is thus, to initiate development planning that
treats economic, social, spatial and environmental elements in an
integrated manner.
The long- term objective of the process is to ensure a balance between
adequate protection, environmentally sound management and sustainable
development, through integrated planning and management of marine and
coastal resources. One of the expected outputs of which is, a conceptual
framework for the incorporation of coastal and marine (environment) issues
into the integrated development plan of the BVI.
This first draft has been prepared by the Conservation and Fisheries
Department as an initial step to ginger consultations and deliberations on
the issue. It is expected that a more crystallized final draft would be
available at the end of the process.
II. PRESENT INSTITUTIONAL
CAPACITY
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT:
In the BVI, responsibility for environmental functions are spread across
the following four Government Ministries and several departments as
follows:
1. Ministry of Natural Resources and Labour: with responsibility
for agriculture, coastal zone management, co-operatives, crown lands
(incl. seabed administration), fisheries, forestry, geology, housing, land
policy, land registration, minerals and mining, national and marine parks,
nature conservation, survey, veterinary, and labour.
The relevant departments/ bodies are
- Conservation & Fisheries Department
- National Parks Trust
- Agriculture Department
2. Ministry of Communications & Works: with responsibility
for building standards, civil aviation, electricity, explosives,
government telephone services, hazardous materials, marine transport,
ports and harbours, public works, roads, telecommunications,
transportation and traffic, water and sewerage, wrecks, meteorology.
The relevant departments/ bodies are
- Water and Sewerage Department
- BVI Ports Authority
3. Chief Minister’s Office: the overall responsibility for
development planning as well as economic and physical planning is within
the Chief Minister’s office. Specific responsibilities include, BVI
Community College, coordination of government policy, consumer affairs,
development proposals, development aid, government information services,
immigration, industrial development, information, investment promotions,
manpower planning, regional affairs, science and technology, tourism, town
and country planning, trade and business (incl. licenses), weights /
measures and Wickham’s Cay Development.
The relevant departments/ bodies are
- Town & Country Planning Department
- Development Planning Unit
- Tourist Board
4. Ministry of Health, Education & Welfare: with
responsibility for environmental health, Public health, social welfare,
prisons, community development, mental health, cemeteries, charities
medical services, probation, ecclesiastical affairs, hospital
administration, youth affairs, censorship, cinemas, culture, education,
scholarships, universities, historical sites and monuments, sports.
The relevant departments are
- Solid Waste Department
- Public Health Department
The Ministry of Natural Resources and Labour has the principal
substantive responsibility for natural resource matters, while the
Executive Council coordinates matters of Government.
CONSERVATION AND FISHERIES DEPARTMENT
In 1984 the Conservation Office was established within the MNR&L. to
address growing environmental concerns. In 1985, it was seconded to the
NPT and allocated space at the NPT office on Fishlock Road. Meanwhile,
marine fish resources were being managed through the Fisheries Division,
which was a part of the Agriculture Department. The two divisions of
Conservation and Fisheries were merged in 1990.
The Conservation & Fisheries Department has several major functions
and activities that fall under the following main headings.
1 .Manages the Natural Resources of the British Virgin Islands
MANDATE: Biodiversity Conservation and Endangered Species Monitoring.
Environmental Planning and Development Monitoring.
Environmental and Coastal Resources Monitoring.
Legislation Surveillance and Enforcement.
Pollution and Natural Disaster Preparedness and Response
2. Educates the Public about Environmental Issues.
MANDATE: Environmental Education and Public Awareness
3. Acquire and Manage Information to assist in the Decision Making
Process
MANDATE: Environmental Information Management
4. Ensures Organizational Effectiveness.
MANDATE: Human Resource Development
The Department is staffed by, twenty established and twenty-two
non-established employees. These include the Chief Conservation &
Fisheries Officer, Environment Officer, Marine Biologist, Surveillance and
Enforcement Officers, Fisheries Officer, Trainees and Administrative
personnel. The Chief Conservation & Fisheries Officer coordinates the
overall activities of the department, including hiring temporary
employees, who comprise Beach Wardens and the Cleaners.
The Fisheries staff includes the Fisheries Officer, Assistant Fisheries
Officer, Fisheries Trainee, and Fisheries Extension Workers who work on
various fisheries development activities. The public is educated and
informed of environmental issues through the environmental education and
environment officers, who work within the Conservation section. Although
the staff is divided between the Fisheries and Conservation, there is
considerable overlap between the sections in the carrying out of duties.
As part of its networking programme, the Conservation & Fisheries
Department has developed an extensive relationship with a regional
organization, the Natural Resources Management Unit of the Organization of
Eastern Caribbean States [NRMU/OECS], based in St. Lucia. This provides
access to professional expertise, information and project participation,
especially in fisheries development and coastal zone management
activities.
An on-going initiative is the integration of the referral process for
marine applications into the mainstream of activities within the
department. In line with which the TRC assessment process has been
broadened to include technical evaluation by the development monitoring
unit, environment unit and environmental information unit as shown in the
flow chart [Fig. 1]. The evaluation includes the use of information
available on the Geographical Information Atlas of Coastal Resources,
supported by site inspection. All inputs provide a supportive base for
decision making at the TRC.
The National Parks Trust – was established in 1961 to manage,
preserve and promote areas which have been legally designated as national
parks. It operates under the National Parks Ordinance, which allows the
trust to make by-laws covering restricting entry and movement in parks,
levying fees for entry and use, protecting parks from damage, providing
for the payment of compensation from those who damage parks or remove
property, and regulating commerce within parks.
Water and Sewerage Department – is responsible for the
production/supply of water and for sewerage disposal.
BVI Ports Authority – is responsible for ports and harbours,
registration of pleasure and commercial vessels, receiver of wrecks and
pollution control within ports and harbours. The department operates under
the Ports Authority Ordinance.
Town and Country Planning Department –operates under the Land
Development Control Ordinance (1969) and is responsible for proper land
utilization territory wide, assessing applications and projects for land
use and development.
Development Planning Unit – serves as the focal point for policy
and operational matters pertaining to development planning, economic
planning, national manpower planning, development aid, statistics, science
and technology. It is responsible for the public sector investment program
and coordinating the government activities related to regional and
international assistance from aid and donor agencies.
Solid Waste Department – is responsible for solid waste
collection and disposal, beautification and maintenance of public areas.
Public Health Department – is responsible for water quality
surveillance, pollution control, occupational health, quality control of
drugs, quality control of food, vector control, waste disposal and other
matters related to health and the environment.
PRESENT INTER- SECTORAL LINKAGES
Under the existing decision making system environmental inputs to
development applications are largely confined to a case by case referral
system. Several inter-departmental committees have been setup as advisory
bodies on environmental issues. These include:
- Technical Review Committee for Marine Applications (TRC): reviews
all marine development applications and makes recommendations to the
Ministry of Natural Resources and Labor. These activities include,
dredging / reclamation, marinas (jetties and docks), moorings, sand
mining.
- Development Control Authority (DCA): In accordance with the existing
ordinance, the Authority has a chairman and six other members
appointed by the Governor. The Chief Town Planner is expected to be a
member. It is this body which considers and grants permission for
development applications.
- National Parks Trust Board
- Project Review and Advisory Committee (PAC): reviews all major
development applications and makes recommendations to the Chief
Ministers Office.
The Conservation & Fisheries Department is represented in these
bodies and also collaborates with other agencies, the private sector and
NGO’S.
Integration of the activities of these institutions would allow the
environment to be managed as a complete system. Though some components of
integration already exist within the existing referral system, this could
be further facilitated by the NIDS process. This would require changes in
the present planning process, involving participation of all agencies to
identify areas of common interest across sectors and to establish
linkages. This would ensure joint action in addressing issues of the
environment to foster:
- mandatory requirements for referral of planning applications to
relevant agencies,
- wider consideration of environmental issues in the evaluation of
planning applications
- review of application evaluation/ referral procedures to facilitate
prompt decision making
There is a need to develop a system of management plans and linkages to
enable sustainable use of resources. Responsibility for the overall
linkage mechanism lies at the highest level of decision-making. Although
the Ministry of Natural Resources and Labour has responsibility for
implementation of policy related to environmental matters, there is no
lead agency / body to coordinating these issues.
III. PROBLEMS
ASSOCIATED WITH EXISTING INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE
- Sectoral compartmentalization leading to policy making in isolation
- Fragmented approach to addressing issues without inter-sectoral
co-ordination
- Conflicts among policies, resource uses and agency jurisdiction
- No lead agencies with responsibilities for co-ordination
- Existing units are dispersed and disjointed and are not able to
influence national environmental policy making
- Environmental considerations not effectively integrated into the
national development process
- Existing institutional arrangements do not provide formal mechanism
for the involvement of public participants in the natural resources
management process.
IV.
LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
In the past years, environmental considerations were taken care of
under natural resource laws, which were “ use-oriented” and designed
for maximum exploitation and development of natural resources. With the
current change in perspective, environmental laws are more resource
oriented and designed for the rational management and conservation of
natural resources in order to prevent their depletion or degradation. Most
countries, as part of their legal arrangements, enact a Coastal Area
Management Act, which sets out various institutional arrangements,
property rights, user rights, access to judicial process, right of the
public to intervene in the judicial process and financial mechanisms. The
proposed Coast Conservation Bill was designed to address some of these
issues. The Bill is yet to be enacted as are several other legislations
such as the Land-use Planning Bill, Draft legislation on Ground Water
Monitoring and Control and the Parks and Protected Areas System Plan of
1986.
The present situation also point to the fact that, there are several
legislations and regulations in force dealing with a variety of activities
such as fisheries, shipping, transport, conservation, waste management and
mining. Some of these laws are outdated and contradictory in their
interpretation, with little guidance as to their order of precedence.
Other observations on the present situation include:
- Inadequacies in legislative controls, the planning process and
administrative requirements for the management of the terrestrial and
marine ecosystems. There is no legislation to conserve the
exploitation of living natural resources such as sandy beaches. There
is no mandatory environmental assessment legislation and therefore no
legal requirement to carry out EIA.
- Insufficiency of environmental legislations as some of the
existing legislation lack essential scientific elements to make them
effective. Environmental legislations should have
guidelines/criteria/standards to help law interpreters in their
enforcement.
- Minimal penalties are enshrined in legislation, which have become
obsolete due to trends in development in the BVI. These penalties
thus, do not act as deterrents and prosecution of offenders has become
a futile process.
- There is a lack of institutional capacity to enable effective
enforcement of legislation as there are few trained staff involved in
enforcement duties.
- The BVI is signatory to about 26 international conventions and
treaties on the environment, some of which do not have the enabling
domestic regulations in place. The provisions of these conventions
oblige Parties to put in place mechanisms for their implementation and
financing.
The lack of will of the government to implement the provisions of these
International Conventions could be exemplified by the slow pace of action
on the RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Importance,
especially as Waterfowl Habitats. The proposal was made in 1994 for the
inclusion of the Western Salt Ponds of Anegada on the RAMSAR list of
protected areas. This would also involve the implementation of the
required management measures. The proposal is still pending. Two other
wetland sites were also proposed under the World Heritage Convention.
V. CAPACITY OF THE
CONSERVATION AND FISHERIES DEPARTMENT TO
CARRY OUT ITS STATUTORY DUTIES
Three areas are considered:
- Legislation
- Human and financial resources
- Organizational capabilities
Environmental Legislation
To preserve the living and non-living natural resources of the BVI, the
government has instituted regulatory and conservation measures. Effective
legislation is clearly a premier requisite for proper regulation and
management of development activities as they affect our natural resources.
For many of the living natural resources, there exists several legislation
to protect them. Some of this legislation is long-standing on the law
books, and the most significant to CFD include the Fisheries, Turtles, and
Wild Bird Ordinances. However, for some living resources such as mangroves
and coral reefs, there is none and they require urgent protective
legislation.
Unfortunately, there is no legal environmental legislation per se to
regulate and conserve the non-living natural resources found on the BVI
coastline or inshore marine waters. The premier proposed legislation, the
Coast Conservation Act, was withdrawn at the Legislative Council.
Consequently the Ministry of Natural Resources & Labour and CFD can
only effectively govern the management of the non-living natural resources
through the Land Development (Control) Ordinance, which is administered by
the Development Control Authority and the Town & Country Planning
Department.
Along with the Development (Control) Ordinance, CFD utilizes set
government policies, such as the mooring policy and the advice of the
Technical Review Committee, to help manage the natural resources.
The existing Beach Protection Ordinance, which was supposed to protect and
conserve one of the territory’s most valuable non-living natural
resources, namely our white sand beaches, has proven to be ineffective in
the control of sand removal from the beaches. The Ordinance lacked control
measures, and this has proven to be fateful in that excessive removal of
sand has occurred in certain beach areas. As a result, these beaches have
eroded and become shorter in width. The Ordinance needs more careful
implementation or possible amendment to protect the beaches.
Under the umbrella of the existing legislation and government policies,
CFD strives to protect and conserve the living and non-living natural
resources of the BVI through monitoring, surveillance education,
information sharing, networking and public awareness in participation with
various government and non-government bodies.
Human and Financial Resources
One of the major constraints to effective environmental management in the
BVI is the lack of adequate financial allocation. An analysis of the
fiscal budget for the BVI from 1990 – 1997 shows that the allocation to
the Ministry of Natural Resources and Labor and all its departments
remained relatively constant at five percent (5)% of the overall budget.
The allocation to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Labor is the
smallest of all the Ministries; the Chief Ministers Office and the
Ministry of Finance receive an allocation of thirty percent (30%). The
combined budgets of the Conservation and Fisheries Department and National
Parks Trust average one percent (1)% of the overall budget.
The discrepancy between the budgetary allocations for advertising tourism,
infrastructure development and environmental management must be addressed.
Government must walk the talk of sustainable development and demonstrate a
budgetary commitment to the sound and effective management of the natural
resource base, which sustains the tourism, fisheries, and agricultural
industries.
The human resource capacity is deficient in the lack of technical officers
who should form the core of professionals in the department. This is in
disparity to the responsibilities and duties assigned to the department.
Human resources development, institutional strengthening, infrastructural
development, procurement of equipment, and training are important
components, which need to be given top priority.
Organizational Capabilities
Inadequate regulations and manpower limit enforcement capabilities of the
agencies. Participation in decision making is most often limited to
advisory roles after the fact. There is the need to develop an information
and data base system, which could be used to define impacts of development
and validate models of environmental or socio- economic systems
Legislations: There are inadequacies in terms of legislative
controls and administrative requirements for the management of the
terrestrial and marine environment. While there are several pieces of
legislation, which attempts to control certain aspects of the environment,
they are generally old and limited in scope. There is no mandatory
environmental assessment legislation and therefore no legal requirement to
carry out environmental impact assessments. There is also a lack of
adequate enforcement and monitoring policy which has hampered the
effective implementation of legislation.
VI. PROPOSED
FRAMEWORK TO FACILITATE THE INTEGRATION PROCESS
Within the scope of the NIDP, the institutionalization of environmental
concerns requires a re-focus of attention from coastal and marine issues
to the wider area of environmental management and sustainable development
as an integral part of the development process. Fig. 2 shows a matrix of
the horizontal and vertical linkages between sectoral agencies with duties
related to the environment. This has been produced by the analysis of the
two networks-
- the horizontal arrangement along same government functions
- the vertical arrangement within the sector
It could be observed that there is considerable overlap in the
functions of the Agencies which need to be reviewed.. For the
implementation of the conceptual framework, a high level of horizontal
integration is required between sectoral institutions during planning of
projects. Vertical integration is necessary within institutions for
implementation of projects.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
I. The conceptual framework for integration has to begin with the
establishment of a central ministry to address the issue of the
environment and to coordinate the overseeing of the resources. It would be
responsible for the development and implementation of coastal management
policy, stimulation of dialogue and facilitate linkage among agencies. In
view of this, the restructuring of the existing set-up to create a
Ministry of the Environment should be considered.
The Ministry would be responsible for implementation of policies on
conservation, utilization, allocation of use and coordination of
Governments activities in the environment. As the focal point, it would
have to be backed by legislation and adequate finances. One of its major
responsibilities would be to provide policy directions for other agencies
that want to utilize the resources. Such requests have to be undertaken in
conjunction with the Physical Planning Unit and the Development Planning
Unit.
In view of the above proposals there would be need for:
- Re-organization of the present Min. of Natural Resources and Labor
to a full fledged Environment Ministry with implications for moving
other non- related duties e.g. labor, to a more relevant position in
the governments administrative set-up.
- Transfer of the Town and Country Planning Department to the Ministry
of Environment and Natural Resources, which already has the
responsibility for land policy, housing, surveys etc. This should
facilitate more effective coordination of land / development issues.
- Review of functions of the Land Development Control Authority and
the Technical Review Committee for Marine Applications, to remove
overlaps / duplications. Possibility of having only one technical
advisory body on all development activities should be considered.
- Establish and centralise within the Ministry the GIS / Environmental
Information and Data Bank. Environmental Education and Public
Awareness Unit. Surveillance and Enforcement Unit
- Review and updating of existing legislations as well as enactment of
new laws as appropriate. Formulation of a comprehensive national
policy on the environment .
- Restructuring of the Conservation and Fisheries Department to cope
with the expanded duties
- Increased financial commitment for infrastructural development,
institutional strengthening and capacity building.
There would be need for integration of some of the functions of the
departments within the proposed Ministry. Horizontal integration is
required to coordinate the separate departments, in the planning of
projects and to reduce fragmentation /duplication of functions. Vertical
integration would facilitate the coordination of the separate functional
units within a sector and in the implementation of projects. Areas that
could be considered for integration include,
- environmental education / public awareness
- environmental information / data bank
- environmental impact assessment
- surveillance and enforcement
The identification of the critical functions to be handled by the
Ministry of Environment and secondary functions that could be handled by
others is important. This should be done with the view of reducing the
proliferation of committees and to ensure private sector representation.
II. Strengthening Sectoral institutions in the field:
Institutions need to be strengthened and their functions brought into
the mainstream of decision making and not just advisory, by
implementing the following measures
- Review and effective management of environmental information/
creation of an environmental data base system
- Upgrading / updating and enforcing national legislation.
- Provision of supportive infrastructures such as a laboratory for
pollution monitoring.
- Training of staff to cope with the demands of their schedules.
- Provision of more technical cooperation and assistance particularly
in the environmental Impact assessment of development projects.
- Improvement in the effectiveness of inter-sectoral coordination.
Fig. 3 shows the proposed communication linkages and delineation of
responsibilities between the lead Ministry and other government
establishments. Fig. 4 shows the proposed structure of the Ministry of
Environment and Natural Resources.
III. Strengthening of the existing Conservation Department: through
human resource development and capacity building, particularly at the
technical level. Present technical positions should be reviewed and
upgraded. New positions should also be considered with appropriate salary
and remunerations to attract required personnel.
LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
- The second step is the rationalization of the legal system and the
provision of a comprehensive, cohesive environmental policy,
environmental legislations, resource management plans and guidelines.
Emphasis should be on the protection of biodiversity and the
conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
- The regulatory system of licensing and permits needs to be
streamlined. Essential components of such a system should be land-use
plans, physical planning regulations, water quality standards,
effluent limitations, and construction standards for marine
development activities.
VII. PROPOSAL FOR
STRENGTHENING THE CONSERVATION AND FISHERIES DEPARTMENT
A re- organization of the Conservation and Fisheries Department is being
proposed for it to better cope with the duties and responsibilities that
would be assigned to it under the National Integrated Development Plan. As
a key department it needs to have
- clear management structure
- defined responsibilities
- reporting procedures
- regular internal discussions / reviews
It is proposed that the Department should comprise of five (5)
technical units and one administrative unit, with specifically identified
schedule of duties as shown in Fig. 5
DUTIES / RESPONSIBILITIES
Priority focus should be to develop strategies to address the issues of
the
- physical structure
- staff recruitment
- capacity building
- environmental management
- surveillance and enforcement
- public awareness
In line with these, the following programmes could be considered as
urgent:
- Infrastructural Programme - these involves improvement / provision
of office and laboratory facilities.
- Capacity Building - through recruitment, training and re-
orientation of staff. Assistance could be sought both regionally for
capacity building in areas such as the establishment of the data bank
and pollution control laboratory.
- Technical Programmes – environmental recovery programmes could be
undertaken. Those already identified include mangrove reforestation,
sea grass re-vegetation and beach replenishment.
HUMAN RESOURCES
The department should be staffed by a core group of professionals with
specialized skills and positions established on a permanent basis to
ensure continuity of staffing and implementation of programmes. Incentives
such as training and promotions should be provided to encourage
productivity.
PHYSICAL RESOURCES
Adequate physical resources in terms of equipment, logistical support
(laboratory facilities, computer facilities) should be provided.
VIII. PROPOSED FISHERIES DEPARTMENT
The Sub-committee on Productive Sector [NIDS] has proposed some policy
goals and strategies to facilitate the improvement of the Fisheries Sector
and the Department.
These include the establishment of a surveillance and enforcement unit,
provision of infrastructure and equipment for data management. It is
observed that the capacity of the Fisheries unit is hampered by the lack
of staff in decision-making positions to provide the required technical
back-up. There is a dire need for infrastructure development, recruitment
of qualified personnel, and training and re- orientation of present staff.
In view of these it is proposed that the unit be upgraded to a full
department. Table 6 shows its proposed structure and functions. Priority
focus of the Department should be the development of a Comprehensive
Fisheries Policy, Management Plans and Regulations.
REFERENCES
- Conservation and Fisheries Department – Annual Reports 1993 –
1996.
- World Coast 1993 – Management arrangements for the Development and
Implementation of Coastal Zone Management Programs.
- Government of the British Virgin Islands – The Integration of
Health and Environment in National Planning For Sustainable
Development in the BVI. 1995.
- University of the West Indies – Course Notes on Strategic
Planning in an Integrated Framework 1997.
- British Virgin Islands National Report on the Environment 1996.
- British Virgin Islands National Report for UNCED 1992.
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